360-363 AD. Julian II as Caesar AD 360-363 AE4 BI NUMMUS/Emperor with globe & spear NGC (63)

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Certification

Numéro de certification : 6156269-063

NGC numéro du objet : 793472

Provenance: issue as Caesar

Date : House of Constantine ROMAN EMPIRE

Valeur nominale : AE4 (BI Nummus)

Atelier (Abbrev.) : ROMAN EMPIRE

Notation : Julian II, AD 360-363

Ans : House of Constantine

ROMAN EMPIRE











Julian II as Caesar AD 360-363











AE4 BI NUMMUS











GRADED NGC











Obverse: Bare-headed, draped





cuirassed bust right











Reverse: Emperor standing left, helmeted in military




dress,holding globe





spear.





Flavius Claudius Julianus, known also as





Julian, Julian the Apostate or Julian the Philosopher (331/332 –




26 June 363,





Greek :Ιουλιανός), was Roman Emperor (Caesar, November 355 to




February 360;





Augustus, February 360 to June 363), last of the Constantinian




dynasty . Julian





was a man of ''unusually complex character'': he was ''the military




commander, the





theosophist, the social reformer, and the man of letters''.





Julian was the last non-Christian ruler of the Roman Empire and




it was his





desire to bring the empire back to its ancient Roman values in




order to save it





from ''dissolution''. He purged the top-heavy state bureaucracy




and attempted to





revive traditional Roman religious practices at the cost of




Christianity . His





rejection of Christianity in favour of Neo -Platonic paganism




caused him to be





called Julian the Apostate by the church, as Edward Gibbon




wrote:





In 363, after a reign of only 19 months as absolute ruler of the




Roman Empire,





Julian died in Persia during a campaign against the Sassanid




Empire .





Flavius Claudius Julianus, born in May or June 332 or 331 in




Constantinople ,





was the son of Julius Constantius (consul in 335), half brother




of Emperor





Constantine I , and his second wife, Basilina, both Christians.




His paternal





grandparents were Western Roman Emperor Constantius Chlorus and




his second wife,





Flavia Maximiana Theodora . His maternal grandfather was Julius




Julianus,





praetorian prefect of the East under emperor Licinius from 315




to 324 and consul





after 325. The name of Julian's maternal grandmother is unknown.











In the turmoil after the death of Constantine in 337, in order




to establish





himself as sole emperor, Julian's zealous Arian Christian cousin




Constantius II





led a massacre of Julian's family. Constantius II ordered the




murders of many





descendants from the second marriage of Constantius Chlorus and




Theodora,





leaving only Constantius and his brothers Constantine II and




Constans I , and





their cousins, Julian and Gallus (Julian's half-brother), as the




surviving males





related to Emperor Constantine. Constantius II, Constans I, and




Constantine II





were proclaimed joint emperors, each ruling a portion of Roman




territory. Julian





and Gallus were excluded from public life and given a strictly




Arian Christian





education.





Initially growing up in Bithynia, raised by his maternal




grandmother, at the age





of seven he was under the guardianship of Eusebius of Nicomedia




, the semi-Arian





Christian Bishop of Nicomedia, and taught by Mardonius, a Gothic




eunuch , whom





Julian wrote warmly of later. After Eusebius died in 342, both




Julian and Gallus





were exiled to the imperial estate of Macellum in Cappadocia .




Here Julian met





the Christian bishop George of Cappadocia , who lent him books




from the





classical tradition. At the age of 18, the exile was lifted and




he dwelt briefly





in Constantinople and Nicomedia.





He became a lector , a minor office in the Christian church, and




his later





writings show a detailed knowledge of the Bible, likely acquired




in his early





life. (Looking back on his life in 362, Julian wrote, in his




thirty-first year,





that he had spent twenty years in the way of Christianity and




twelve in the true





way (ie the way of Helios).)





Julian studied Neoplatonism in Asia Minor in 351, at first under




Aedesius , the





philosopher, and then Neoplatonic theurgy from Aedesius'




student, Maximus of





Ephesus . He was summoned to Constantius' court in Milan in 354




and kept there





for a year; in the summer and fall of 355, he was permitted to




study in Athens .





While there, Julian became acquainted with two men who later




became both bishops





and saints: Gregory of Nazianzus and Basil the Great ; in the




same period,





Julian was also initiated into the Eleusinian Mysteries , which




he would later





try to restore.





Constantine II died in 340 when he attacked his brother Constans.




Constans in





turn fell in 350 in the war against the usurper Magnentius .




This left





Constantius II as the sole remaining emperor. In need of




support, in 351 he made





Julian's half-brother, Gallus , Caesar of the East, while




Constantius II himself





turned his attention westward to Magnentius, whom he defeated




decisively that





year. In 354 Gallus, who had imposed a rule of terror over the




territories under





his command, was executed. Julian was summoned to court, and




held for a year,





under suspicion of treasonable intrigue, first with his brother




and then with





Claudius Silvanus ; he was cleared, in part because the Empress




Eusebia





intervened on his behalf, and he was sent to Athens. (Julian




expresses his





gratitude to the empress Eusebia in his third oration.)










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